% is the proportion of binomial tokens found in the order presented in the table. +/-[constraint] means that the alphabetical ordering of the binomial is aligned with/against the constraint. I = Iconicity Pw = Power Pt = Perceptual Markedness R = Relative Formal Markedness A = Absolute Formal Markedness Binomial N % Sem Americans and English 1 0 By and large 1 1 Connecticut and Massachusetts 1 1 Czechoslovakia and Hungary 1 1 England and Ireland 1 1 +Pw Iowa and Nebraska 2 1 Lotus and WordPerfect 1 0 Malaysia and Thailand 1 0 Slowly and thoughtfully 1 1 T-Ball and soccer 2 1 about and out 3 0 -I abroad and here 2 0 -Pt abused and neglected 1 1 accept and hire 1 1 +R, +I accepted and proposed 1 0 -I accurately and promptly 1 0 accurately and quickly 1 0 acetate and cotton 1 0 achieved and maintained 1 1 +I action and conversation 1 0 actively and continually 1 1 acute and correct 1 0 adamant and calm 1 0 adding and using 1 1 +I administrating and running 1 1 administrative and scientific 1 0 -Pw administrative and technical 1 1 admired and knew 1 0 again and now 3 0 -I aggressive and persistent 1 1 aggressively and swiftly 1 0 alterations and sewing 1 1 -R altogether and finally 1 1 always and everywhere 1 1 -Pt amply and cheerfully 1 1 anger and anxiety 1 1 anger and spite 1 1 angst and science 2 0 -Pt animals and humans 1 1 -Pt animated and magnified 1 0 answer and ask 1 0 -I answers and questions 1 0 -I anthropology and linguistics 1 1 anxiously and eagerly 1 1 -Pt appraisingly and coldly 1 0 appreciate and understand 1 0 -R appropriate and reasonable 1 0 approved and commended 1 1 +R approved and welcomed 1 0 +R around and round 1 0 attract and train 1 1 +I attracting and keeping 1 1 +I automobiles and factories 1 1 back and forth 49 1 -Pt back and there 1 0 -I backward and forward 1 0 -Pt backwards and forwards 1 1 -Pt bad and good 2 0 -Pt bad and ugly 2 0 bananas and strawberries 1 0 bar and pie 1 0 been and gone 1 1 +I better and interesting 1 0 big and thick 1 1 bitter and resentful 1 1 black and innocent 1 1 +Pt black and white 19 1 -Pw bland and neutral 1 1 boards and two-by-fours 1 1 +R bobbed and gobbled 1 1 bold and entertaining 1 1 book and movie 1 0 bookkeeping and taxes 1 0 born and raised 3 1 +I bottles and cans 2 1 bought and sold 10 1 +I brief and shallow 1 0 broccoli and cauliflower 1 1 +Pw brothers and sisters 3 1 +Pw brown and thick 1 0 build and operate 4 1 +I built and made 1 0 busily and profitably 1 1 +I business and government 2 0.5 buy and sell 11 1 +I buying and holding 1 1 +I calm and relaxed 1 1 calmly and carefully 1 1 capturing and taking 1 1 -R carefully and prudently 1 1 caring and compassionate 1 1 caring and loving 1 0 catch and try 1 0 certain and quick 1 0 champagne and dessert 1 1 changing and improving 1 1 +R chanted and chortled 1 1 +Pt charming and pleasant 1 0 chattered and coughed 1 0 check and discipline 1 1 +I chicken and egg 1 1 +Pt chilling and muddling 1 0 civil and criminal 1 0 clean and dry 1 1 clean and straight 1 1 cleaner and faster 1 0 clergymen and parishioners 1 1 +Pw clerks and postmasters 1 1 -Pw closets and drawers 1 0 cold and wet 1 1 come and go 4 1 +I come and stay 1 1 +I comedy and humor 6 0 -R comedy and music 1 0 comedy and satire 1 1 comfortable and cool 1 0 commercially and scientifically 1 0 -I commoners and kings 1 1 -Pw complete and unabridged 1 1 +R completely and unselfishly 1 1 confuse and disorient 1 0 congressional and presidential 1 1 +I conscious and non-instinctive 1 0 +A, -R consider and rate 1 1 +I convicted and tried 1 0 -I cook and eat 1 1 +I cooked and shelled 1 1 +I cordial and loyal 1 1 correct and erase 1 0 -I country and western 1 1 +Pw crack and whine 1 0 -I cracked and snarled 1 0 cried and sat 1 0 crime and sports 1 1 crochet and knit 1 1 cross-stitching and painting 1 1 cruel and unusual 1 1 culturally and socially 1 1 cumulatively and individually 1 0 -Pt cut and dried 1 1 +I cut and dry 1 1 +I dad and mother 1 0 +Pw, -Pt dancing and dinner 1 0 -I, -Pw daughter and son 1 0 -Pw day and night 6 0.5 +Pt dead and hideous 1 1 +I dear and near 2 0.5 deceptive and frothy 1 0 decisively and wisely 1 1 deer and trees 1 1 +Pt deliberately and slowly 1 0 -R demographic and economic 1 0 despoiling and sacking 1 0 develops and markets 2 1 +I dilates and relaxes 1 0 -I diminishing and dwindling 1 0 directly and immediately 1 0 dirty and dusty 1 0 dirty and greasy 1 0 dirty and mean 1 0 dirty and tough 1 0 discarded and explored 1 0 -I distributes and makes 2 0 -I down and out 1 1 +Pt down and up 17 0 -Pt dresses and suits 2 0.5 drinking and eating 1 0 -Pw drinks and food 1 0 -Pw dry and high 3 0 dry and hot 2 0 dubious and surprised 1 0 -I dull and gray-looking 1 1 easily and swiftly 1 0 east and west 3 1 +Pt easy and fast 1 0 economic and educational 1 0 economically and physically 1 1 effectively and purposively 1 0 -I eighth and ninth 1 1 +I elementary and high-school 1 1 +I elsewhere and there 2 0 -R emeralds and peanuts 2 0 +Pw emotion and meaning 1 1 ending and starting 1 0 -I ends and odds 12 0 energetic and young 1 0 engineering and psychology 1 0 enthusiastically and punctually 1 0 erroneous and unconstitutional 1 1 +R evasive and shifty 1 1 everybody and everything 1 0 +Pt excessive and unjustified 1 1 +R exercise and fitness 2 0.5 -R fairly and fully 1 0 family and friends 3 0.67 +Pt fancy-free and foot-loose 1 0 far and wide 1 1 felt and seen 2 0 -Pt few and unfavorable 1 1 +Pt figuratively and literally 1 0 -Pt file and rank 1 0 finance and trade 1 0 fired and restructured 1 1 +I firm and healthy 1 1 first and foremost 6 1 first and only 2 1 +R fiscal and monetary 2 0 -R fit and straighten 1 0 -I fit and wiry 1 0 fits and starts 1 1 flowers and roses 1 1 +R follow and understand 1 1 +I fought and won 1 1 +I frankly and simply 1 1 fresh and nice 1 0 friendlily and sleepily 1 0 fronts and toe 1 0 fruit and nuts 1 1 fully and truly 1 0 funny and superficial 1 1 further and unnecessarily 1 1 fuzzy and warm 1 0 garden and lawn 6 0 gentle and kind 1 0 gentler and kinder 1 0 gently and lightheartedly 1 1 geographical and socio-economic 1 1 go and vote 2 1 +I gold and silver 4 1 +Pw good and right 1 0 good and thick 2 1 gradually and smoothly 1 1 grapefruit and oranges 1 0 -Pw greatest and latest 1 0 greens and pinks 2 0 grow and produce 1 1 harass and punish 1 1 +I, -Pw hard and straight 1 0 head and tail 1 1 +Pt hear and see 1 0 -Pt heavily and slowly 1 0 hell and peacocks 1 1 help and serve 1 1 here and there 16 1 +Pt hid and knelt 1 0 -I hid and went 1 0 high and inside 1 1 +Pt hit and killed 1 1 +I hoarsely and quietly 1 1 honest and stupid 1 1 +Pt honey and milk 1 0 hope and pray 1 1 +R, -Pw hopefully and ingeniously 1 0 hurtling and plunging 1 1 ice and snow 3 0.67 icky and rainy 1 0 improperly and unfairly 1 1 in and out 3 1 +R inaccurate and inappropriate 1 0 incest and rape 13 0 incredulity and shock 1 0 inflame and tear 1 0 -I informally and often 1 0 inhumane and terrible 1 0 -R innately and pathologically 1 1 insidiously and softly 1 0 install and make 1 0 -I install and manufacture 1 0 -I intellectual and political 1 0 interest and principal 7 0.29 -I, -Pw international and public 1 0 -Pt international and social 1 0 -Pt irony and satire 1 0 +R irregularly and slowly 1 0 irritable and tense 1 0 ivory and sandalwood 1 1 jumping and running 1 0 kind and playful 1 1 landings and takeoffs 1 0 -I laptop and notebook 1 1 laugh and wink 1 1 left and right 4 0.5 -Pt lengthily and seriously 1 0 lighthearted and witty 1 1 linguist and therapist 1 0 linguistic and paralinguistic 1 1 +R linguistics and psychiatry 1 1 linguists and psychotherapists 1 0 logically and objectively 1 1 lost and loved 1 0 -I lurched and stumbled 1 1 magazines and newspapers 3 0.67 maneuvered and raced 1 0 math and science 4 0.75 math and sciences 1 1 mechanically and systematically 1 0 medicines and yeast 1 1 +Pw men and women 15 1 +Pw mental and physical 4 0.5 -Pt messy and negligent 1 1 mirrors and smoke 1 0 modern and new 1 0 months and years 3 1 +I morally and spiritually 1 0 morally and totally 1 0 nagging and stress 1 0 neatly and sweetly 1 1 needlework and sewing 1 0 needs and wants 2 1 +Pw newspaper and radio 1 1 nice and relaxed 1 1 nice and small 1 1 nice and sunny 2 1 nice and toasty 1 1 nights and weekends 2 1 +I non-poetry and poetry 1 0 -R north and south 5 1 +Pt now and then 12 1 +R, +Pt obtained and provisioned 1 1 +I off and on 7 0.86 -R offbeat and outspoken 1 0 officially and publicly 3 0.33 old and ratty 1 1 older and wiser 1 1 +Pt open and shut 2 1 +R operates and owns 6 0 packages and sells 1 1 +I parents and students 1 0 patients and psychiatrists 1 0 -Pw people and soils 1 1 +Pt pepper and salt 3 0 -Pw perfectly and universally 1 0 persistent and substantial 1 0 pies and puddings 1 0 pineapple and strawberry 1 1 playbacks and study 1 1 +I powerfully and tersely 1 0 pressure and stress 1 0 pride and recognition 1 1 printed and sold 1 1 +I productive and sane 1 0 proposed and taught 1 1 +I pull and tug 1 1 +R push-ups and sit-ups 1 0 quickly and silently 1 1 quilting and sewing 1 0 radically and structurally 1 0 radio and television 6 0.5 radio and television (impulses) 6 0.5 rapid and sharp 1 0 real and vibrant 1 0 realistically and seriously 1 1 really and truly 3 1 rebuild and reestablish 1 1 received and sought 1 0 -I register and vote 1 1 +I rent and tuition 1 0 represents and serves 1 0 rich and spoiled 1 1 ridiculous and terrible 1 1 rise and shine 1 1 +I roaring and whirling 1 0 robbed and shot 1 1 romance and snobbery 1 1 +Pt rumbles and smolders 1 1 scabrous and unclean 1 1 second and third 4 1 +I see and wait 4 0 -I semiconductors and supercomputers 1 1 severable and unconstitutional 1 0 +R, -I severable and void 1 0 share and understand 1 0 -I shots and shouts 1 1 sing and snap 1 1 +I sit and wait 3 1 sitting and staring 1 1 sitting and watching 1 1 skillful and startling 1 0 skirts and sweaters 1 1 slowed and stopped 1 1 +I smashed in and torn 1 0 smiling and winking 1 1 softly and triumphantly 1 1 stained and waxed 1 1 +I successfully and vigorously 1 0 -I summer and winter 1 1 talked and wrote 1 1 telecommunications and transportation 1 0 three-sevenths and two-sevenths 1 0 -I trade and transfer 1 1 tried and true 3 1 +I troubled and worried 1 0 -I ungallant and untrue 1 1 varied and wide 1 0 voted and went 1 0